Bernini, F., M. Dinetti, To Gariboldi, G. Matessi, G. Rognoni (eds.) Atlante degli Uccelli nidificanti a Pavia (Atlas of Breeding Birds of Pavia, Italy Common of Pavia). Italian Alloy Protection Birds. November 1998. 192pp. Publisher: Birdlife International. ISBN: 88-86022-02-6.
Available: TIPOGRAFIA PI-ME EDITRICE S.r.l, 27100 Pavia – Viale Sardegna, 64. Tel. 0382539124 Fax. 038222485 Email: pime@mbox.systemy.it
Language: Italian

Dinetti M. 1994. “Atlante degli uccelli nidificanti a Livorno. (Atlas of the birds nesting to Livorno.)” Quaderni dell'ambiente, n. 5, Comune di Livorno e Coop. ARDEA: 174 pp. Book. Contact: Comune di Livorno, Piazza del Municipio, 1-57123 Livorno Tel.: 0586.820.111
Language: Italian

Schifferli, Luc. Waterfowl. Swiss Ornithological Institute. 1990. Book 32 p.
Available: Schweiz. Vogelwarte, CH-6204 Sempach, Switzerland, SFr. 4. -.
This special issue is dedicated to waterfowl, and presents an account of their habitat requirements and general biology, of their origin and of their population size in the past 20 years.

Schweizerische Vogelwarte Sempach. (Swiss bird control room -Sempach.) (1999) Einblicke. (Views.) 75 Jahre aktiv für die Vogelwelt. (75 years actively for the bird world.) ISBN 1420-5807.
The Swiss bird control room is an Institute for the research and the protection of the birds and their habitats. It is carried by independent private donations, by nature-connected humans in the whole country.
Available: (Publisher) Schweizerische Vogelwarte CH-6204 Sempach. Spendenkonto PC 60-2316-1. Phone: 041-462 9700, Fax: 041-462 9710, Email: vogelwarte@orninst.ch, Internet: http://www.vogelwarte.ch
Language: German

Schweizerische Vogelwarte Sempach.(Swiss bird control room -Sempach). Tätigkeitsbericht 2000. (Report on the activities 2000). CH-6204 Sempach, Spendenkonto PC 60-2316-1. Pamphlet. E-Mail info@vogelwarte.ch, Internet www.vogelwarte.ch, Tel. 041 462 97 00, Fax 041 462 97 10.
Language: German

Wir gehen den Dingen auf den Grund. (We go to the things on the reason.) Pamphlet. Schweizerische Vogelwarte, 6204 Sempach, Tel: 041-462 97 00, Fax: 041-462 97 10, Email: info@vogelwarte.ch, Internet: http://www.vogelwarte.ch, Spendenkonto: 60-2316-1.
Various bird world in an intact environment. The work the Swiss bird control room Sempach serves for to the lasting development and quality of life of the whole population.
Language: German

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Habitat [De]Fragmentation

Canters, Kees (ed.). 1997. Habitat fragmentation and Infrastructure. Proceedings of the international conference “Habitat fragmentation, infrastructure and the role of ecological engineering.” 17-21 September 1995, Maastricht – The Hague, The Netherlands. Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management. ISBN: 90-369-3727-2. DWW publication: P-DWW-97-046.
Available: Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, Road and Hydraulic Engineering Division (DWW), P.O. Box 5044, NL-2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands. Tel: +31 15 2699111.

COST-Transport. 2000. ACTION 341, Habitat Fragmentation Due to Transportation Infrastructure, French State of the Art Report. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. 41 pp.
Under the European Cooperation in the Field of Scientific and Technical Research (COST) program known as COST 341, "Habitat Fragmentation Due to Transportation Infrastructure," each member country has developed individual "State of the Art Reports," and the group of 16 European signatory countries is currently working on a number of initiatives, including a European Review on Habitat Fragmentation Due to Infrastructure; a European Handbook on Fragmentation Due to Linear Transportation Infrastructure (handbook of best practices); and an on-line database (related information database).
More information available at: http://www.cordis.lu/cost-transport/home.html

COST-Transport. Action 341. “Fragmentation de l’habitat due aux infrastructures de transport. (Habitat fragmentation due to transportation infrastructure.)” Etat de l’art, Rapport de la France. Ministere de l’Equipement, des Transports et du Logement, Direction des Routes.
The main objective is to promote a safe and sustainable pan-European transport infrastructure through recommending measures and planning procedures with the aim of conserving biodiversity and reducing vehicular accidents and resulting fauna casualties.
Available: http://www.cordis.lu/cost-transport/src/cost-341.htm
Language: French

European Commission, Directorate General Transport. 2000. COST 341, Habitat Fragmentation Due to Transportation Infrastructure, Swiss State of the Art Report. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. 515 pp.
Under the European Cooperation in the Field of Scientific and Technical Research (COST) program known as COST 341, "Habitat Fragmentation Due to Transportation Infrastructure", each member country has developed individual "State of the Art Reports," and the group of 16 European signatory countries is currently working on a number of initiatives, including a European Review on Habitat Fragmentation Due to Infrastructure; a European Handbook on Fragmentation Due to Linear Transportation Infrastructure (handbook of best practices); and an on-line database (related information database).
More information available at: http://www.cordis.lu/cost-transport/home.html

Holzgang, Otto and Hans Peter Pfister. “Wildtierkorridor – Engpasse im okologischen Vernetzungssystem am Beispiel der Schweiz. (Wild animal passages bottleneck in the ecological cross-linking system to Biespiel Switzerland)” Ein Brückenschlag für Wildtiere. (A Bridging for Game Animals). Band 30, March 2001; pp 45-55. Herausgegenben von der Akademie für Natur- und Umweltschutz (Umweltakademie) beim Ministerium für Umwelt und Verkehr Baden Württemberg. (The academy for Nature and Environmental Protection (Environmental Academy) with the Ministry for Environment and Traffic Baden-Wuerttemberg.)
Abstract: Roads, railway lines and settlements fragment habitats of wild animals. In addition, many traditional migration trails between habitats have been interrupted by the construction of fenced highways, forcing the animals to use small and sometimes artificially determined corridors for their movements. The aim of this study was to localise existing or interrupted natural axes of dispersal and migration, to detect wildlife corridors and bottlenecks, and to suggest measures to improve today’s situation.

We used the following three sources of information: (a) Temporal and spatial analyses of hunting statistics mark the distribution of wild animals. (b) The cantonal wildlife services and/or hunters were interviewed on the area of distribution and movements of roe deer, chamois, wild boar, red deer and alpine ibex, following a specific questionnaire. (c) A Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to model the permeability of the landscape. Because many wild animals use forests for their movements, the model was based mainly on forests and buffer zones, but information on protected areas was also included.

Our study led to a map giving an overview of the natural axes of dispersal and migration between habitats in Switzerland. Wildlife corridors were localised and their condition was described. They were classified by their importance into corridors of national or regional importance. The number of localised corridors of national importance totals 303, of which 84 (28%) are still intact, 179 (59%) are slightly to heavily disturbed, and 40 (13%) are interrupted. 68 corridors of national importance need purpose-built constructions as for example green bridges or wildlife passages. The situation is not satisfactory at all: at four locations, constructions are already in use, at three locations under construction and at six locations planned.

To increase in future the landscape's permeability for wildlife, further efforts are required: The localised corridors and movement axes have to be taken into account in land use planning. Purpose-built constructions have to be demanded at heavily disturbed or interrupted corridor locations. Because the constructions are expensive, measures have to be realised stepwise according to a plan taking costs, success, priority a.s.o. into account. Although we used data of large mammals for this study, small mammals and even invertebrates will also profit on long terms by open corridors.
Language: German

Holzgang, Otto, et al. (eds.) Les corridors faunistiques en Suisse : bases pour la mise en réseau suprarégionale des habitats. (Faunistic corridors in Switzerland: bases for the setting in network suprarégionale of the habitats.) [Société suisse de biologie de la faune] – Berne : Federal office of the environment of the forests and landscape (OFEFP), 2001. 120 p. (Books of the environment; No 326. Wild fauna).
Available: http://www.ambiente-svizzera.ch/imperia/md/content/buwalcontent/folder/02-01-17kobrcke/16.pdf
Language: summaries in German, Italian, and English

Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat (Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management) 2001. De-fragmentation by bits and pieces.
This brochure illustrates the ‘de-fragmentation’ effect on the national infrastructure in the Netherlands. This brochure shows that de-fragmentation works. It is also clear, however, that much more needs to be done. I would like to recommend this brochure, therefore, not only as proof of our efforts in this area, but also as a stimulus to continue in the direction we have taken. (excerpt from the preface by H. Prins B. Sc., Director-General)
Available: Copies of this brochure can be obtained from the publication office of Dienst Weg-en Waterbouwkunde, PO Box 5044, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands. Tel. + 31 (0)15 2518518 Fax + 31 (0)15 2518555 Email: postmaster@dww.rws.minvenw.nl

Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat (Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management) 2001. National highway verges, national treasures.
On the one hand, the intricate road network in The Netherlands gives road users easy access to the far corners of the country. On the other hand, the construction of main, regional and local roads has had a dramatic impact on the landscape. In many ways the changes have had an adverse effect on the natural aspects of the landscape. However, the efforts of the many parties involved ensure in various ways that the negative consequences are, and will continue to be, diminished. The construction and management of variegated road verges provide an opportunity to put something back into the natural landscape. (Excerpt of the preface by L.A. Bosch B. Sc., Head of Infrastructure, Directorate-General of Public Works and Water Management, Road and Hydraulic Engineering Division)
Available: Copies of this brochure can be obtained from the publication office of Dienst Weg-en Waterbouwkunde, PO Box 5044, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands. Tel. + 31 (0)15 2518518 Fax + 31 (0)15 2518555 Email: postmaster@dww.rws.minvenw.nl

Vos,C.C., A.G. Antonisse-De Jong, P. W. Goedhart, M. J. M. Smulders. “Genetic similarity as a measure for connectivity between fragmented populations of the moor frog (Rana arvalis)”. Heredity, May 2001, Volume 86, Number 5, p. 598-608.
Abstract: Genetic differentiation among populations of the moor frog (Rana arvalis) was tested on a spatial scale where some dispersal between populations is expected to occur, in a landscape in The Netherlands that has become fragmented fairly recently, in the 1930s. Five microsatellite loci were used, with 2-8 alleles per locus. FIS was 0.049 across loci, and most populations were in HW equilibrium. The degree of population subdivision was low (FST=0.052). A significant positive correlation between genetic distance and geographical distance was found, indicating a limitation in dispersal among populations due to distance. To test the impact of the landscape mosaic on the connectivity between patches, distance measures were corrected for relative amounts of habitat types with known positive or negative influence on moor frog dispersal. Notably, the resistance variable for the fraction of negative linear elements (roads and railways) gave a higher explanatory value than geographical distance itself. Therefore, it is particularly the number of barriers (roads and railways) between populations that emerges as a factor that reduces exchange between populations. It is concluded that genetic techniques show promise in determining the influence of landscape connectivity on animal dispersal.
Available: http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/yearlist.html

Vos, C.C. and J.P. Chardon. 1998. “Effects of habitat fragmentation and road density on the distribution pattern of the moor frog Rana arvalis.” J. Appl. Ecol. 35:44-56.
Summary:

1. The effects of habitat fragmentation on the distribution pattern of the moor frog Rana arvalis were investigated. Also, the possible isolation effects of the road network were taken into account.
2. Indications were found that habitat fragmentation partly explains the distribution pattern of the moor frog. The statistical models showed a positive effect of pond size (or marsh area) and a negative effect of road density on the probability of occupation of a moorland pond.
3. Because of the strong correlation between habitat quality variables and isolation variables, no unambiguous effects of isolation, described as the amount of suitable terrestrial habitat (moorland) in the surroundings of a moorland pond in a radius of 100-2000 m. could be demonstrated.
4. Spatial differences in road density can play a role in the selection of optimal locations for nature protection areas. The regression model used in this study predicts a reduced occupation probability in 55% of the study area. In the part of the study area adjacent to a motorway, occupation probability is lowered to less than 30%.
5. European studies of habitat fragmentation on amphibian species revealed a mean distance between occupied ponds of < 1 km in all studies. This could be a general rule of thumb for persistent amphibian populations. Effects of pond size on the probability of occupation were more variable.
6. When discussing the effects of habitat fragmentation on amphibians and other ground dwelling species, the negative effects of roads are often underestimated.

Landscape-Level Planning and Sustainable Development

Bennett, G. The paneuropean ecological network / Le réseau écologique paneuropéen FR:Strasbourg:Council of Europe. 28p. Questions and answers, no.4, 1998.
Available: The Centre Naturopa, Nature and Landscape Division, Council of Europe - F-67075 Strasbourg. E-mail: centre.naturopa@coe.int, Internet: http://www.nature.coe.int/english/main/econets/peen/brochure.htm

Council of Europe (1998). “European ecological networks.” Naturopa, No 87, 31 p.
Available: Contact: Marie-Françoise Glatz, Centre Naturopa, Council of Europe, telephone +33 (0)3 88 41 2278, fax +33 (0)3 88 41 2715, e-mail marie-francoise.glatz@coe.fr, website http://www.nature.coe.int/english/main/naturopa/magazine/intro.htm

Flurneu ordnung und landentwicklung mehr als Bodenordnung. (Corridor and land development). Flurneuordung und Landentwicklung. Baden-Wurttemberg. Nov. 1999.
In this brochure the contribution of the administration for corridor and land development is represented for the development of the rural areas in Baden-Wuerttemberg. The work of the corridor re-organization administration changed itself from an agrarian structural order measure to a comprehensive task for the development of the rural areas.
Available: (Publisher) Ministerium Landlicher Raum, Baden-Wurttemberg, Stuttgart. MLR-49-99.
Language: German

Koolstra, B. (Alterra, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands) (2000) “LARCH: A computer model to assess fragmentation of landscape”. In: Proceedings of the 3rd international workshop on sustainable land use planning, Wageningen 2000 (ed. By G. Carsjens)
Available: http://www.wau.nl/rpv/isomul/index.html

Ruud Cuperus, Marco M.G.J. Bakermans, Helias A. Udo de Haes, Kees J. Canters. “Ecological Compensation in Dutch Highway Planning” Environmental Management, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 75-89.
Abstract: The ecological compensation principle was introduced by the Dutch government in 1993. This principle is designed to enhance the input of nature conservation interests in decision-making on large-scale development projects and to counterbalance the ecological impacts of such developments when implemented. This article evaluates the application of the Dutch compensation principle in highway planning. Six current highway projects reveal consistent implementation of this principle, although provincial policies on compensation and a national method for identifying compensation measures are still under development. As the planning process has not yet been completed for all the projects, no general conclusions can be drawn on the impact of the compensation principle on highway decision-making. Nevertheless, several examples show that the principle stimulates project initiators to develop alternative routes or route sections in order to avoid or reduce ecological impacts and the need for coherent compensation measures. If the compensation principle is to be properly implemented in the context of highway planning, particular attention should be paid to the following aspects: (1) sequential assessment of overall project legitimacy and the necessity of intersecting protected areas and compensation measures, (2) the initiator's attempts to avoid and mitigate ecological impacts in developing alternative routes prior to compensation for impacts, and (3) the role of uncertain ecological impacts in identifying compensation measures, especially those concerning habitat isolation.
Availability: http://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/00267/bibs/1027001/10270075.html

Swiss Federal Statistical Office, Neuchâtel, 1997. Biodiversity and landscape diversity.
Although Switzerland has ratified the biodiversity convention, it too still needs to achieve a decisive breakthrough in maintaining the diversity of its indigenous species. The growing demands of mankind restrict the natural habitats of plants and animals and also impair the quality of the landscape. The Swiss Landscape Concept, which is currently being developed, aims to contribute towards ensuring that greater attention is paid to the needs of nature and the landscape. The area under forest in Switzerland has not declined this century, yet the biodiversity of the country’s woodlands is under threat. Natural management and the designation of protected forest reserves enable biodiversity to be maintained and even enhanced.
Source: Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forests and Landscape, Swiss Federal Statistical Office; The Environment in Switzerland.
Available: http://www.buwal.ch/e/themen/umwelt/vielfalt/

Verboom, Jana; Ruud Foppen; Paul Chardon; Paul Opdam; Pieternella Luttikhuizen. “Introducing the key patch approach for habitat networks with persistent populations: an example for marshland birds.” Biological Conservation, Vol. 100, Issue 1, 2001; pp. 89-101.
Abstract: In landscapes where natural habitat is highly fragmented, any method for assessment of population persistence or potential for biodiversity should be based upon metapopulation theory, taking into account the spatial and temporal dynamics of species. We argue that methods based upon species distribution data, population viability analyses (PVA), or landscape indices alone all have severe flaws. We introduce an approach based upon a combination of the three methods, in which ecologically scaled landscape indices (ESLI) are compared to spatial standards derived from both analysis of distribution data and PVA-type simulations. We derive spatial standards, introducing the key patch approach. Key patches are large patches with a stabilizing role in habitat networks. Key patch standards were developed using spatial analysis of presence–absence data and calibrated metapopulation models for marshland bird species. We show examples of the application of this approach in land use management at both regional and national planning scales.
Available: www.elsevier.com/locate/biocon

Vos, C.C.; J. Verboom; P. F. M. Opdam; and C. J. F. Ter Braak. “Toward Ecologically Scaled Landscape Indices.” American Naturalist. Jan 2001. Vol. 157, pp. 24-41.
Abstract: Nature conservation is increasingly based on a landscape approach rather than a species approach. Landscape planning that includes nature conservation goals requires integrated ecological tools. However, species differ widely in their response to landscape change. We propose a framework of ecologically scaled landscape indices that takes into account this variation. Our approach is based on a combination of field studies of spatially structured populations (metapopulations) and model simulations in artificial landscapes. From these, we seek generalities in the relationship among species features, landscape indices, and metapopulation viability. The concept of ecological species profiles is used to group species according to characteristics that are important in metapopulations' response to landscape change: individual area requirements as the dominant characteristic of extinction risk in landscape patches and dispersal distance as the main determinant of the ability to colonize patches. The ecological profiles and landscape indices are then integrated into two ecologically scaled landscape indices (ESLI): average patch carrying capacity and average patch connectivity. The field data show that the fraction of occupied habitat patches is correlated with the two ESLI. To put the ESLI into a perspective of metapopulation persistence, we determine the viability for six ecological profiles at different degrees of habitat fragmentation using a metapopulation model and computer-generated landscapes. The model results show that the fraction of occupied patches is a good indicator for metapopulation viability. We discuss how ecological profiles, ESLI, and the viability threshold can be applied for landscape planning and design in nature conservation.
Available: http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AN/journal/contents/v157n1.html

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Railroad Effects on Species and Habitats

van der Grift, E.A., H.A.J. Smeets & H. Pol, 1999. “Ponds along railroads.” In: Boothby, J. (1999) Ponds and Pond Landscapes of Europe. Liverpool, UK; Pond Life Project. pp. 227-234.
Abstract: Ponds constructed along railroads in the Netherlands form suitable habitat for many flora and fauna species. So far about 40 ponds have been established along railroads. Most of the 28 ponds that were monitored have been colonized by herpetofauna. The success of these created ponds depends for an important part on their location in the existing and planned ecological network. Further efforts should be taken to establish ponds along railroads. Herewith, attention should be paid to careful design, construction, management, and monitoring.

van der Grift, E.A. “Mammals and railroads: impacts and management implications.” Lutra, vol. 42: no. 1. Oct. 1999. p.77-98.
Abstract: The construction and use of railroads contributes to the fragmentation of nature areas. Mammals are affected by both railroad-induced loss of habitat and mortality due to collisions, barrier effect and disturbance. This paper reviews literature addressing fragmentation of mammal habitats by railroads, summarizes impacts and possible solutions, discusses the potentials of railroad verges to establish ecological corridors and supplies recommendations for the design and construction of railroads with respect to mammal conservation.

Mortality of mammals due to collisions with trains can be of considerable proportion. At times these railroad fatalities can have a severe impact on mammal populations, especially for mammals that are already endangered, species with large home ranges, low population density and low reproduction rate. High mortality numbers due to collisions are primarily found at the intersection of railroads with important mammal habitats and migration routes. Animal behavior, snow depth, temperature, characteristics of railroads, and railroad use are important factors that affect the number of train-kills. Attraction to railroads (e.g. because of a food resource) can also be an important cause of collisions.

Railroads can be barriers to mammal movements. Railroads are physical barriers when the animals are simply not able to cross due to the physical characteristics of the infrastructure. A more indirect barrier effect occurs when mammals are unwilling to cross or develop the tendency to avoid the railroad. Both forms of barrier effect may decrease survival probability of mammal populations. Wildlife passages such as ecoducts and wildlife tunnels, and adaptations in non-wildlife passages have been designed to reduce collisions with trains as well as the barrier effect of railroads. The effectiveness of these passages depends on the location of the passage of the passage with respect to habitat and migration routes, passage dimensions, sufficient cover/vegetation at the entrances, the distance to suitable habitats, human co-use and the mammal species concerned. Railroad embankments and right-of-ways are potential ecological corridors. With appropriate measures in zones adjacent to the railroad connectivity between mammal habitats that border the railroad can be established or reinforced. Monitoring the use of wildlife passages and ecological corridors will increase the knowledge on features that play a key role.

Monitoring studies will lead to adaptations of existing passages and the development of new measures. For all these reasons, measures to reduce habitat fragmentation by railroads should be a integral part of any railroad construction plan, while monitoring should be an integral part of railroad management.

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Road Effects on Species and Habitats

Bernard, J.M. et al. 1987. Routes et faune sauvage / Highway and wildlife relationships / Wild und Strassenverkehr. Actes du colloque, Strasbourg, Conseil de l'Europe, 5-7 juin 1985. Ministère de l'Equipement, du Longement, de l'Aménagement du Territoire et des Transports, et Ministère délégué chargé de l'Environnement, Colmar, France. 403 pp.
Available: Reference B 8764 at the Office of Bente of the Publication of the SETRA – Tel: (1) 42.31.31.53 and (1) 42.31.31.56. Thematic Reference to the catalogue of the publications of the SETRA: B07.
Language: French

Carsignol, Jean. "The Wildlife Problem in Motorway Project Development, Construction, and Operation". CETE de l'Est- IENE Barcelone , 5-9 April 2000. 42 p. Jean Carsignol, Ecological Engineer, Director of Studies, CETE de l’Est, 1, Boulevard solidarite, Technopole METZ 2000, B.P. 85230, 57076 METZ Cedex 03. Tel: 33 3 87 20 46 14 Fax: 33 3 87 20 46 99.

Carsignol, Jean and Alan Spake. “Dans l’environnement rural, le conflit route – faune sauvage. (In the rural environment, the wild conflict road-fauna.)” Recherche Transports Securite. (Insertion) Vol. 32, Dec. 1991. pp. 143-151.
Abstract: The increase in road infrastructure and traffic leads to conflicts with the aims of nature protection. Animal life is particularly threatened, whether one considers large or small mammals, amphibians, birds or insects. The main aspects of this are mortality, the breaking up of territories or the cutting of paths, the alteration or even destruction of certain habitats and the isolation of populations. The effects seem, however, to remain local and do not endanger global balances. The land taken up by roads, which varies considerably both in terms of area and characteristics, often provides new habitats that can increase ecological diversity. This is a topic which research could explore in greater depth.
Language: French

Carsignol, Jean and Virginie Bernardon-Billon. INPUT FROM THE 3rd MEETING “ROADS AND WILDLIFE”, 30 Sept to 2 Oct 1998. Council of Europe - Strasbourg – France, 5th IENE meeting in Budapest, Hungary, 14 -17 April 1999.
Abstract: The 5th meeting of Infra Eco Network Europe (IENE) has been organised and supported financially by the Swedish National Road Administration and Technical and Information Service on National Roads, Hungary. The meeting has taken place outside Budapest at the Budai Sport Centre between the 14th of April and the 17th of April 1999. The 5th IENE meeting was a combined meeting between IENE and COST 341 ("Habitat fragmentation due to transport infrastructure") and brought together about 30 experts representing fourteen European countries. During two days, the open day and the excursion, about 60 Hungarian professionals in infrastructure and environment were present. The opportunity to exchange information both ways and to establish contacts among them and the IENE representatives were positively exploited.
Available: http://www.iene.info/Reports.htm

Frey, Ernst and Johannes Niederstraßer. (2000). Baumaterialien für den Amphibienschutz an Straßen. Ergebnisse der Eignungsprüfung an einer Anlage. (Building materials for the amphibian protection at roads. Results of the qualification test at a plant.) Publisher: National institute for environmental protection Baden-Wuerttemberg, P.O. Box 21 07 52, 76157 Karlsruhe.
Available: http://www.uvm.baden-wuerttemberg.de/nafaweb/berichte/pas_03/pas3.htm
Language: German

Holzgang, O., U. Sieber, D. Heynen, F. v. Lerber, V. Keller & H. P. Pfister (2000): Wildtiere und Verkehr. Eine kommentierte Bibliographie. - Sempach (Game animals and traffic. A commentated bibliography. – Sempach). (Schweizerische Vogelwarte; Selbstverlag). (Swiss bird control room; Self publishing house.) 72p.
Available: http://home.t-online.de/home/copris/wildtiere_verkehr.pdf
Language: German

Huijser, Marcel P. and Piet J. M. Bergers. “The effect of roads and traffic on hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) populations.” Biological Conservation. Volume 95, Issue 1, August 2000, Pages 111-116.
Abstract: We studied the effect of roads and traffic on hedgehog population density by comparing relative densities in 15 paired road and control plots matched for landscape parameters. Relative hedgehog density was determined by means of footprints in specially designed tunnels. The relative density was closely correlated with the total number of individual hedgehogs that were caught in traps in five of the plots immediately after the tunnels were removed. A power analysis indicated that, with the resources available, we could only detect an effect greater than 35%. We were unable to demonstrate a significant effect, i.e. hedgehog density in areas adjacent to roads is not reduced by more than 35%. However, we did find about 30% fewer tracks in road plots when compared to control plots and the P-values were marginally insignificant at the P 0.05 significance level. These results suggest that roads and traffic are likely to reduce hedgehog density by about 30%, which may affect the survival probability of local populations.
Available: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/biocon

Huijser, M.P. 2000. Life on the edge. Hedgehog traffic victims and mitigation strategies in an anthropogenic landscape. (Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands.). Wageningen, Netherlands: Landbouwuniversiteit Wageningen (Wageningen Agricultural University) 165p.
Abstract: This study focused on the most frequently recorded mammal species in road-kill surveys in western Europe: the hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus). Investigations were conducted in an anthropogenic landscape and had two major aims: to quantify the effects of traffic mortality at individual, population, and species levels, and to explore how the number of traffic victims could be reduced through changes in the landscape in areas adjacent to roads. The negative effects of roads and traffic were particularly clear at the individual level, and one could consider this reason enough to take mitigating actions. In addition, hedgehogs are likely to be affected at the population level. However, at the species level, the hedgehog has mostly benefited from many of the human-induced changes in the landscape. The way people manage the landscape seems to be the key factor in determining the long term future of the species. Manipulation of certain landscape features can be used to make wildlife passages more effective and also to keep hedgehogs away from road sections between passages.

Langton, Thomas E.S. (ed.) 1989. Amphibians and Roads : Proceedings of the Toad Tunnel Conference : Rendsburg, Federal Republic of Germany, 7-8 January 1989. Langton, Thomas E.S. 202p. ISBN: 0951517201. Published by: ACO Polymer Products Ltd. Hitchin Road, Shefford, Bedforshire, SG175JS, England.

LUTRA. Deel 42 (Vol. 42), No. 1. October 1999.
The contributions in this issue of LUTRA provide a detailed and differentiated picture of traffic-related hedgehog issues. Contents include “Mortality factors affecting wild hedgehogs: A study of records from wildlife rescue centres.” By N.J. Reeve and M.P. Huijser; “Human impact on populations of hedgehogs Erinaceus europaeus through traffic and changes in the landscape: A review.” By M.P. Huijser; “Can badgers affect the use of tunnels by hedgehogs? A review of the literature.” By C.P. Doncaster; and others.

“Mitigation of Transportation Corridor Effects on Large Carnivore Populations in Slovenia.” Workshop for the Wildlife Mortality Study Tour of the Federal Highway Administration. Ljubljana, Slovenia, October 7, 2001. Sponsored by Slovenian Forestry Institute, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, US Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
Contains: A. Report on the past and current studies on (1) The ecology and management of brown bear (Ursus arctos) and (2) Highway traffic-wildlife relations in Slovenia. B. Influences of the highway on the big mammalian C. A GIS-based brown bear habitat model for Slovenia. D. The Ljubljana-Postojna highway – A deadly barrier for brown bears in Slovenia? E. An expanding brown bear population in Slovenia: Current management problems. F. Brown bears in Slovenia: identifying locations for construction of wildlife bridges across highways. And others.

Molenaar, J.G. de, D.A. Jonkers & R.J.H.G. Henkens. 1997. Wegverlichting en natuur. I. Een literatuurstudie naar de werking en effecten van licht en verlichting op de natuur. (The effects of light and illumination on nature: A literature review.) DWW Ontsnipperingsreeks deel 34, DWW DELFT 1997. 292p, IBNrapport 287, wegverlichting, natuur, licht, dier,plant,mens, NA117.
Available: http://www.deblauweaarde.nl/cat_natuur200200.html
Language: Dutch with English Summary

Natuur over wegen = Nature across motorways. 1995. Road and Hydraulic Engineering Division; Public Works and Water Management; Netherlands. ISBN: 9036937027. Delft, Netherlands: Rijkswaterstaat, Dienst Weg-en Waterbouwkunde. 103p.
Bilingual: English and Dutch

Ratzel, M. (1993) Straßenentwässerung - Fallenwirkung und Entschärfung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Amphibien. (Road drainage - trap effect and defusing with special consideration of the amphibians.) 168p. Bezirksstelle für Naturschutz und Landschaftspflege Karlsruhe (Hrsg.) (District place for nature protection and landscape conservation, Karlsruhe (Hrsg.)) Available: Bezirksstelle für Naturschutz und Landschaftspflege Karlsruhe Kriegsstraße 5 a, 76137 Karlsruhe. Telefon 0721/135-4357 (4351). http://www.lfu.baden-wuerttemberg.de/lfu/abt2/naturschutz/strassen.pdf
Language: German

Reck, Heinrich and Giselher Kaule. 1993. Forschung Straßenbau und Straßenverkehrstechnik. (Research road construction and road traffic engineering.) Straßen und Lebensräume. (Roads and habitats) - In: Heft 654. University Stuttgart, Institute for landscape planning and ecology. Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Abteilung Strassenbau, Bonn-Bad Godesberg. (Federal Ministry for traffic, department of road construction, Bonn bath Godesberg.).
Research reports from the research program of the Federal Minister for traffic and the research association for road and traffic e. V. Strassen and Lebensraeume. Determination and evaluation of road-conditioned effects on plants, animals and their habitats.
Language: German

Reijnen, R. 1995. Disturbance by Car Traffic as a Threat to Breeding Birds in the Netherlands. Dlo Instituut Voor Bos En Natuuronderzoek (Ibn Dlo) 140 p.
The research presented in this thesis was carried out at the DLO-Institute for Forestry and Nature Research (IBN-DLO), The Netherlands. The study was supported by the Road and Hydraulic Engineering Division (DWW) of the Ministry of Transportation and Public Works.
This thesis investigates the effect of disturbance by car traffic on the density of breeding birds in the netherlands. The main objective was to obtain knowledge that can be used in spatial planning procedures related to main roads and in road management practice. First the number of bird species which are affected, and the degree to which the breeding density is reduced in relation to the traffic load and to the distance to the road, are discussed. To measure the traffic load, parameters for the noise load and for the visibility of cars are used. Next, the disturbance by car traffic is treated as a reduction of the habitat quality adjacent to the highway. The assumption was tested whether in years with a high overall population size, the use of density as a response variable underestimates the reduction of habitat quality close to roads. Then a study of a colour-ringed population of willow warblers (phylloscopus trochilus) adjacent to a busy highway is discussed. Methods are developed to implement test results in planning and managing road systems. An example of application explores the dimensions of the problem in the netherlands.

Reijnen, R.; Foppen, R.; Veenbaas, G. 1997. “Disturbance by traffic of breeding birds: Evaluation of the effect and considerations in planning and managing road corridors.” Biodiversity and Conservation, vol. 6: no. 4, pp. 567-581. (DLO-Inst. for Forest. and Nature Res., Dep. Landscape Ecol., PO Box 23 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands).
Abstract: In wildlife considerations in planning and managing road corridors little attention has been given to the effects of disturbance by traffic on populations of breeding birds. Recent studies, however, show evidence of strongly reduced densities of many species of woodland and open habitat in broad zones adjacent to busy roads. The density reduction is related to a reduced habitat quality, and traffic noise is probably the most critical factor. Because density can underestimate the habitat quality, the effects on breeding populations are probably larger than have been established. In consequence, species that did not show an effect on the density might still be affected by traffic noise. On the basis of this recent knowledge, methods have been developed that can be used in spatial planning procedures related to main roads, and in road management practice, and some practical points are discussed. An example of application shows that the effects are probably very important in The Netherlands with a dense network of extremely crowded main roads. For ’meadow birds‘, which are of international importance, the decrease in population in the West of The Netherlands may amount to 16%. Because breeding birds suffer from many other environmental influences there is also a great risk of an important cumulation of effects.
Available: http://www.kluweronline.com/issn/0960-3115

Reijnen, R.; Foppen, R.; ter Braak, Cajo J.F.; Thissen, J. (1995) “The effects of car traffic on breeding bird populations in woodland. III. Reduction of density in relation to the proximity of main roads.” Journal of Applied Ecology, vol. 32: no. 1, pp.187-202. (DLO-Inst. For. and Nat. Res., Dep. Landscape Ecol., P.O. Box 23, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands).
Summary:

1. This study investigated the effect of car traffic on the breeding density of birds in deciduous and coniferous woodland, and the importance of noise and visibility of cars as possible factors affecting density.
2. Of the 43 species analysed in both woodland types, 26 species (60%) showed evidence of reduced density adjacent to roads (based on analysis with Wilcoxon signed-ranks test and regression).
3. Regression models with noise load as the only independent variable gave the best overall results. Calculated ‘effect distances’ (the distance from the road up to where a reduced density was present) based on these regressions varied between species from 40-1500 m for a road with 10,000 cars per day to 70-2800 m for a road with 60,000 cars per day (120 kmh-1 and 70% amount of woodland along the road). For a zone of 250 m from the road the reduction of the density varied from 20 to 98%.
4. When visibility of cars was controlled for, the number of species showing density reductions was much higher on plots with a high noise load than on ones with a low noise load. When noise conditions were held constant, however, there was no difference in bird densities between plots with high and low visibility of cars.
5. It is argued that noise load is probably the most important cause of the reduced densities. Visibility of cars, direct mortality and pollution are considered unimportant.
6. The results of this study stress the importance of considering the effect of car traffic on the breeding density of birds in planning and constructing main roads.

1. This study tested the assumption that in years with a low overall population size the density-depressing effect of roads on breeding birds will be more important than in years with a high overall population size.
2. The effect on the density was investigated in 1984, 1986 and 1988. Of the 23 species that could be analysed each year, 17 species had a lowered density close to the road in at least 1 year. In 1984 and 1986 the number of affected species was much higher (10 and 14, respectively) than in 1988 (4).
3. The number of affected species, as well as the effect size for all species combined and for most individual species, was negatively correlated with the overall population size.
4. It is concluded that in years with a high-overall population size, the use of density as a response variable will cause a considerable underestimation of the reduction of the habitat quality close to roads. This has not been recognized well in impact studies concerning road traffic, nor in other impact studies.

Reijnen, R.; Veenbaas, G.; Foppen, R. Predicting the effects of motorway traffic on breeding bird populations. 1995. [Delft, Netherlands]: Ministry of Transport and Public Works. Directorate-General for Public works and Water Management. Road and Hydraulic Engineering Division (DWW); DLO-Institute for Forestry and Nature Research. 92p. ISBN 903693707 B.
Available: For copies contact Road & Hydraulic Engineers Division, PO BOX 5044, 2600 GA DELFT, The Netherlands. Ph 3115 269 9111 1111, translated by TechTrans translations, The Hague.

Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Wildtierbiologie (Hrsg.) (Swiss society for game animal biology). Wildtiere, Strassenbau und Verkehr. (Game animals, road construction and traffic). 1995, 55 pp. Bezugsquelle: Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Wildtierbiologie (SGW), c/o Infodienst Wildbiologie und Ökologie, (Swiss society for game animal biology (SGW), c/o info. service game biology and ecology). Strickhofstr. 39, 8057 Zürich, Tel. 01/362 78 88, Fax 01/362 71 17.
Language: German

Strasbourg Conseil de l'Europe. Actes des 3èmes rencontres "routes et faune sauvage (roads and wild fauna)", Ministère de l’Equipement, des Transports et du Logement et Ministère de l’Aménagement du Territoire et de l’Environnement, Strasbourg 30 Septembre-2 Octobre 1998, 460 pages. ISBN: 2-11-091654-0.
Available: Sales office of the publications of the SETRA under the reference B 9915, 46 avenue Aristide Briand- B.P. 100-92225 BAGNEUX cedex. Tel: 01.46.11.31.53 or 01.46.11.31.55 Fax: 01.46.11.33.55.
Language: French

Vägverket – Swedish National Road Administration. Amphibians and Roads.
This pamphlet provides general information about the problems facing amphibians and what can be done on the part of both road authorities and others.
Available: Swedish National Road Administration, Butiken, SE-781 87 BORLANGE, Sweden. Tel: + 46 243 755 00. Fax: + 46 243 755 50. Email: vagverket.butiken@vv.se. Order number 99042 E.

Vägverket – Swedish National Road Administration. Fauna Passages at Roads.
The objective is that the construction of new roads and the remedial action taken on existing roads should ensure that transport does not jeopardize the existence of different wildlife species in the future.
Available: Swedish National Road Administration, Butiken, SE-781 87 Borlange, Sweden. Tel: + 46 243 755 00 Fax: + 46 243 755 50 Email: vagverket.butiken@vv.se. Order number: 99044E.

Vägverket – Swedish National Road Administration. Otters and Roads.
Available: Swedish National Road Administration, Butiken, SE-781 87 Borlange, Sweden. Tel: + 46 243 755 00. Fax: + 46 243 755 50. Email: vagverket.butiken@vv.se. Order number: 99044 E.

Verkehrsministerium Baden-Württemberg (Hrsg.) Amphibienschutz - Leitfaden für Schutzmaßnahmen an Straßen Schriftreihe der Straßenbauverwaltung (Amphibian protection http://216.239.35.120/translate_c?hl=en&u=http://home.t-online.de/home/d.bid/nkv/amphibienschutz/buch_4.htm&prev=/search%3Fq%3Damphibienschutz%2B%2522leitfaden%2Bf%25C3%25BCr%2Bschutzma%25C3%259Fnahmen%2Ban%2Bstra%25C3%259Fen%2522%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DG- manual for preventive measures at roads. Writing row of the road construction management.) Baden-Württemberg - Heft 4. 1991. Traffic Ministry Baden Wuerttemberg, Dorotheenstrasse 10, 7000 Stuttgart 1.
The manual for amphibian preventive measures at roads was compiled by an interdisciplinary working group under line of the department of road construction of the traffic Ministry.in May 1991.
Available: http://home.t-online.de/home/d.bid/nkv/amphibienschutz/buch_4.htm
Language: German

Vermeulen, H. J. W. and P. F. M. Opdam. “Effectiveness of roadside verges as dispersal corridors for small ground-dwelling animals: A simulation study”. Landscape and Urban Planning. Volume 31, Issues 1-3, February 1995, pp. 233-248.
Abstract: Linear landscape elements are supposed to be suitable as dispersal corridors, and therefore are considered as possible solutions to mitigate the negative effects of fragmentation of more natural areas in agricultural landscapes. In the Netherlands certain road verges may offer good opportunities to connect heathland fragments. With the help of a simulation program and parameters estimated from field observations, we tested several concepts of road verge construction for their suitability as a dispersal corridor for carabid beetles with poor dispersal capacities. In broad road verges, long dispersal distances occur more frequently than in narrow ones. Losses of individuals to the adjacent areas are less in broad verges, leaving more individuals to continue dispersal. Only if these losses are fully compensated by reproduction, road verges may be dispersal corridors over more than a few hundred metres. Broader sites at the road verge, within reach of the next local population, can slightly increase the chance of long dispersal distances along the verge. The three species studied differ in their capacities to use the road verge as a corridor, mainly depending on their rates of movement, their response to the verge borderline, and their ability to reproduce in the narrow strip.
Available: www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01692046

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Policies and Procedures

COST 341: Habitat Fragmentation due to Transportation Infrastructure. Chairman: Mr. G.J. Bekker (NL), Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management. Vice-Chairmen: Mrs. Marguerite Trocme (CH), Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft – BUWAL. Duration: 4,5 years; to April 2003. Participation: 16 COST Countries: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Hungary, Ireland, The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. 1 NGO: The European Centre for Nature Conservation.
Objectives: The main objective is to promote a safe and sustainable pan-European transport infrastructure through recommending measures and planning procedures with the aim of conserving biodiversity and reducing vehicular accidents and resulting fauna casualties.
Available: http://www.cordis.lu/cost-transport/src/cost-341.htm

European Nature: Magazine on the Interface of Policy and Science. Issue #1 - November 1998: The Pan-European Ecological Network
Available at: http://www.ecnc.nl/doc/ecnc/publicat/magazine.html

Ministry of Agriculture, Nature Management and Fisheries. Nature for People, People for Nature. Policy document for nature, forest and landscape in the 21st century. July 2000.
This document sets out Dutch nature policy for the next ten years. This policy is based on the Government’s strong belief that nature and landscape are essential contributions to a livable and sustainable society.
Available: http://www.minlnv.nl/international/policy/green/pna/intripgpna.pdf

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Vegetation and Water Quality

Federal Agency for Nature Conservation. Botanic Gardens and Biodiversity. 2000. Conservation of Biological Diversity by Botanic Gardens and the Role of the Convention on Biological Diversity (Rio de Janerio, 1992). 84p. ISBN: 3-7843-3810-0.
Since the Earth Summit of Rio de Janeiro in 1992, the term "biological diversity" has become a political catch phrase. Through the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the conservation, research, and sustainable use of global biological diversity has been accepted as one of the most important challenges of the 21st century. The purpose of this publication is to illustrate how Botanic Gardens can become involved in this process.
Available: BfN-Schriftenvertrieb im Landwirtschaftsberlag, D-48084 Munster. Tel: (+49) 2501/801-300 Fax: (+49) 2501/801-351.

Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat (Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management). 1995. Handreiking maatregelen voor de fauna langs weg en water.
Available: Copies of this publication can be obtained from the publication office of Dienst Weg-en Waterbouwkunde, PO Box 5044, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands. Tel. + 31 (0)15 2518518 Fax + 31 (0)15 2518555.
Language: Dutch

Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat (Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management). 2001. Op weg naar een nieuw type Ecoduct.

Office fédéral de l'environnement, des forêts et du paysage (OFEFP)(Federal office of the environment, the forests and landscape), Berne. Zones alluviales et exploitation du gravier. (Alluvial zones and exploitation of the gravel.)
Much in demand raw material, the gravel is used in various forms. But its exploitation constitutes a significant attack with the landscape. It touches moreover with various interests, mainly in the field of agriculture, sylviculture, the nature conservancy and subsoil waters, as well as drinking water approvisionnement.
Available: http://www.umweltschweiz.ch/imperia/md/content/buwalcontent/auendossier/2.pdf
Language: French

Office fédéral de l'environnement, des forêts et du paysage (OFEFP) (Federal office of the environment, the forests and landscape), Berne. Zones alluviales et eaux souterraines. (Alluvial zones and subsoil waters.)
The alluvial zones often conceal great reserves underground still free of anthropic influences. Regarded as drinkable and of good quality, they profit from severe protection measures.
Available: http://www.umweltschweiz.ch/imperia/md/content/buwalcontent/auendossier/4.pdf
Language: French

Road and Hydraulic Engineering Division DWW of the Directorate General of Public Works and Water Management plays an important role in road and hydraulic engineering in The Netherlands. Lots of infrastructural, hydraulical, and environmental-technical works have been established based on the advices of the DWW. In addition, advices of the DWW are underlying many policy-making measures.
Available: Copies of this brochure can be obtained from the publication office of Dienst Weg-en Waterbouwkunde, PO Box 5044, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands. Tel. + 31 (0)15 2518518. Fax + 31 (0)15 2518555. Email: dwwmail@dww.rws.nimivenw.nl. Internet: http://www.minvenw.nl/rws/dww/home
Language: Dutch

Vägverket – Swedish National Road Administration. Establishment of Natural Vegetation.
Establishment of Natural Vegetation is one of a series of information pamphlets intended to disperse knowledge about research, development and field tests. The pamphlets offer practical advice, describe examples of tests conducted, function as a checklist, etc. Hopefully, they will serve to inspire further development and improvement so that future regulations will only substantiate what works in practice. The information material should therefore encourage discussion and help biologists, landscape architects, engineers and other professionals share their collective experience.
Available: Swedish National Road Administration, Butiken, SE-781 87 BORLANGE, Sweden. Tel: + 46 243-755 00. Fax: + 46 243-755 50. Email: vagverket.butiken@vv.se. Order number: 99081 E.

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Wildlife Passages/Crossing Structures

Keller, Verena and Hans Peter Pfister. “Wildlife passages in Switzerland and beyond – research of the Swiss Ornithological Institute in the field of traffic infrastructure and wildlife.” 4th IENE Meeting, Brig Switzerland, 22-26 April 1998.
The aim of the presentation was to give an overview on the activities of the Swiss Ornithological Institute in connection with wildlife passages and at the same time to give an insight into the development and current state of knowledge on and handling of the issue of habitat fragmentation and measures to avoid it in Switzerland. This brief summary can only highlight a few examples. For more information we refer to the publications listed at the end.

Korridore für Wildtiere in der Schweiz. (Passages for game animals in Switzerland.) Grundlagen zur überregionalen Vernetzung von Lebensräumen. (Bases for the supraregional cross-linking of habitats.) 2001. SCHRIFTENREIHE UMWELT NR. 326 Wildtiere,116 pgs.
Available: http://www.umwelt-schweiz.ch/imperia/md/content/buwalcontent/folder/02-01-17kobrcke/15.pdf
Language: German

Niewuwenhuizen, W.; van Apeldoom, R.C. Mammal use of fauna passages on national road A1 at Oldenzaal. Project Versnippering Deel 20A. (Report No. P-DWW-95.737 (English version of P-DWW-94.712)), Sept. 1995. [Delft, Netherlands]: Directorate-General for Public Works and Water Management, Road and Hydraulic Engineering Division.
Available: Order copies of this publication from Road and Hydraulic Engineering Division; PO Box 5044; 2600 GA DELFT; The Netherlands; Telephone 31 15 269 91 11.
This report describes research on the use of three types of wildlife passages by mammals near the Dutch state road A1 near Oldenzaal. The passage types include pipes, culverts, and ecoducts.
Bilingual: English and Dutch

Pfister, Hans Peter and Verena Keller. “Straben und Wildtiere.- Sind Grunbrucken eine Losung? (Straben and wild animals. - Are green-bridges a solution?)” Bauen fur die Landwirtschaft . (Build for the agriculture) - Special Edition. Booklet number 1, 32; April 1995; pages 26-30. ISSN 0171-7952.
In recent times it has become more generally accepted that roads must be evaluated as a component of the cultural landscape instead of from a totally ecological view. High capacity roads limit the habitats of the animals because of their barrier effect and cut their freedom of movement. This leads in extreme cases to isolated areas, in which animal populations cannot survive. In such cases, in particular when planning of new roads and development projects, the isolation effect must be defused by special measures. In principle the permeability of the road system would have to be substantially increased. Since our knowledge is still incomplete over the effects of roads on the Fauna, one strives at present to view the behavior of animals.
Available: Beton-Verlag GmbH, Postfach 11 01 34, Telefon 0211/ 550090, D-40501 Dusseldorf.
Language: German

Pfister, H.P., V. Keller, H. Reck, and B. Georgii. 1997. Bio-okologische Wirksamkeit von Grunbrucken uber Verkehrswege [Bio-ecological effectiveness of wildlife overpasses or “green bridges” over roads and railway lines]. Herausgegeben vom Bundesministerium fur Verkehr Abeteilung Strabenbau, Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Germany.
A six-year investigation of the bio-ecological effectiveness of wildlife overpasses or "green bridges" over roads and railway lines. It was initiated by the Ministry of Transport in Bonn and the ministries of Transport, of the Environment and of Rural Areas, Nutrition, Agriculture and Forests of Baden-Württemberg. The investigations were conducted by the Swiss Ornithological Institute, which commissioned some further specialists to study individual groups of animals as, for example, large mammals, mice, dormice, amphibians, ground beetles, grasshoppers and even birds. The investigation comprised some just built green bridges over the new highway B31 near Lake Constance, and a comparative investigation of 12 overpasses in Germany, Holland, France and Switzerland.
Available: Gesamtherstellung und Vertrieb, Typo-Druck & Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Rosenthal 44, 53111 Bonn, Germany. Phone: 0228-650905, Fax: 0228-650906, Email: bmv@typo.bn.uunet.de

Righetti, A., Wegmüller, R. & Wenger, D. (1998) Ausbau der A1 am Grauholz. Bericht zur Erfolgskontrolle der Wildtierpassage. (Report for the progress control of the game animal passage.) 24 p. UNA, Atelier für Naturschutz und Umweltfragen, (Studio for nature protection and environmental questions.) Mühlenplatz 3, 3011 Bern. Tel. 031 312 29 37 oder 031 310 83 83, Fax 031 312 29 69, Email: una@unabern.ch, Internet: www.unabern.ch. The studio for nature protection and environmental questions UNA AG is a team of environmental specialists, who work since 1984 together. 2000 took place the transformation from a simple society into a corporation.
Language: German

Stockach – Überlingen. U.S. Federal Highway Administration. Besichtigung der Grünbrücken B 31 neu. (Inspection of the green bridges.) Dec. 10, 2001. Straßenbauamt Überlingen Bahnhofstraße. (Highways department, Ueberlingen). German overpass designs.
Available: Straßenbauamt Überlingen, Bahnhofstraße 5, 88662 Überlingen. (Highways department Ueberlingen, station route 5, 88662 Ueberlingen) Phone: 07551/835-0 Fax: 07551/835-111.
Language: German

Vägverket – Swedish National Road Administration. Road Culverts – Natures path under the road.
In Sweden there are about 520,000 kilometers of road, and there are watercourses covering a distance of about 300,000 kilometers. Roads cross these watercourses at innumerable places. Today, every second to third culvert is incorrectly placed, posing an obstruction to the marine life found in these waters.
Available: Brochure can be ordered from: Vagverket, Butiken, SE-781 87 BORLANGE, Sweden. Order number: VV 88222, Tel: +46 243 755 00. Fax: + 46 243 755 50. Email: vagverket.butiken@vv.se.

Wildlife Crossings for Roads and Waterways: Habitat Fragmentation and Infrastructure. Delft: The Ministry; 1995; 030906211X p. 16 p.
This brochure is a summary of the Dutch report "Handreiking maatregelen voor de fauna langs weg en water" (Guide to facilities for fauna at roads and waterways, Report No. P-DWW-95-710). It presents state-of-the-art techniques for making wildlife crossings at roads and waterways in the Netherlands.
Available: Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, Road and Hydraulic Engineering Division (DWW), Delft

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Miscellaneous

Bundesamt für Naturschutz 1999. German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation. Fledermäuse und Fledermausschutz in Deutschland. Bats and Bat Conservation in Germany. ISBN: 3-89624-614-3.
Available: Can be ordered from: BfN- Schriftenvertrieb im Land wirtschaftsverlag. D-48084 Munster. Tel: (+49) 2501/801-300 Fax: (+49) 2501/901-351.
Language: German and English

Cofiroute et la protection acoustique. (Cofiroute and acoustic protection.) Pamphlet.
Available: Cofiroute, 6-10, rue Troyon – 92316 Sevres Cedex. Tel: 01-41-14-70-00.
Language: French

Molenaar, J.G. de, and R.J.H.G. Henkens. 1998. Effectiviteit van wildspiegels: een literatuurevaluatie. Instituut voor Bos-en Natuuronderzoek, Wageningen, The Netherlands. 106 pp. IBN-Rapport 362, ISSN: 0928-6888.
Language: Dutch

Versnippering en railinfrastructuur. Achtergrond en beschrijving projectaanpak. NS Railinfrabeheer. Pamphlet. June 1997.
Deze brochure is een interne uitgave van NS Railinfrabeheer.
For more information: NS Railinfrabeheer afd. Technische Systemen, Rita Kuijsters of Greet Eijkelenboom, 030-2357193, Postbus 2025, 3500 HA Utrecht.
Language: Dutch

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